Follow Marin Events

• Testing & Contact Tracing & Quarantining mostly fails ( April 4th - Singapore's prime minister “despite our good contact tracing” the authorities have been unable to ascertain the origin of nearly half its new cases.)

• A Vaccine is a minimum of 12 months away and

• the chance of the Vaccine being no more than 50-70% successful at best is high and

• the time to get 350 million people inoculated

• the chance of the virus mutating so that a different vaccine is required in 2021

probably makes little difference to this prediction of having enuf people immune to allow near back-to-normal by 2022 at the earliest !

The Physical Distancing is as extensive as that implemented in April 2020 !

All over this Study is mention of Cross Immunity between the 2 BETA COMMON Coronaviruses. And possibly between those 2 and COVID-19 !
" The Cross Immunity that HCoV-OC43 infection induces against HCoV-HKU1 is stronger than the reverse ( 70%)". ...
"mild (30%) cross-immunity from HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-HKU1 could effectively eliminate the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 for up to three years"
Could there be Cross Immunity from the Common BETA Coronaviruses ( that cause the Common Cold) to COVID-19?
 I'll so gladly catch this Cold if there is!!! COULD THIS BE A TREATMENT? ( see below for info on all 7 Coronaviruses)
SOURCE Harvard April 14th

Model As of April 29th from U Washington source (Deaths by Aug 4th - Assuming full social distancing through May 2020)

* Peak on April 15 -- # SOURCE ^ possible with testing, contact tracing, isolation, and limited gathering size
1918 flu pandemic killed more people than Alabama could count!  -- Stanford on 1918 Flu: https://virus.stanford.edu/uda/

Results of 2 Different Intervention Combinations.  STUDY Summary, ORIGINAL STUDY(not peer reviewed), We’re not going back to normal  
81% of the populations of both UK and US would be infected, resulting in 510,000 deaths in Great Britain and 2.2 million in the US.
  Demand on intensive care beds would be 30 times greater than the availability, with capacity "exceeded as early as the second week in April".

                   How interventions could impact available Intensive Care Beds. Chart B is a close-up.

Image: Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team

While both strategies pose challenges, the scientists found that SUPPRESSION measures:-

1. Home Isolation of those with symptoms and others in the household and
2. Social distancing
3. Closure of Schools and Universities

 would reduce deaths by half and peak healthcare demands by two-thirds.

But the outbreak would still result in 250,000 deaths in Britain, and 1.1 to 1.2 million in the US, with the 'surge capacity' of intensive care units overwhelmed "at least 8 times greater than the availability".
Even if you set factories to churn out beds and ventilators and all the other facilities and supplies, you’d still need far more nurses and doctors to take care of everyone. We need to train people to assist nurses, and we need to get medical workers out of retirement.
There is no guarantee that initial vaccines will have high efficacy.
Similarly we can have millions of Test Kits available but we don't have enuf Protective Equipment to make those tests.
In the US, after May, 95% will still have not been exposed to this virus ! source

Wouldn't the best approach be to Isolate the Elderly and the Vulnerable for 6 to 9 months and let everyone else carry on as normal ? 
Creating Herd Immunity the fastest (beyond Doing Nothing).
But our hospitals are so woefully under equipped ( Mar 19)-- too many would STILL die in this first phase because 38 percent of those sick enough to be hospitalized were younger than 55.(preliminary data) -- no doubt with one or more of these pre-existing conditions and they are resistant to isolation.

The Elderly and Vulnerable  must:-

• Stay at home or keep away from people outdoors and never go anywhere else indoors other than home.

• Never let anyone IN their home ( talk to visitors thru glass or have them stay 10 feet away from the door, downwind)

• Shop online for Food Delivery or with neighborhood help (from younger healthy people). Food dropped outside door.

• Try to avoid being infected at the peak where hospitals may not have enough resources ( beds + ventilators) for everyone.
• Receive Financial Aid.

COVID-19 the 7th Human Coronavirus

March 2020: COVID-19 (Coronavirus) Wuhan, China has already surpassed the death tolls of SARS and MERS, over 3,000 (Mar 9th 2020).

•  Death Rate China:2.3%, W.H.O.: 3.4%, Italy 6.3% (Mar 9th), S. Korea 0.8% (Mar 12th), Wuhan 5.8%
• Academics believe that between 25% and 70% of the world will become infected.
• In China the measure that made the biggest difference was closing down Public Transport.
• There is no explanation, yet, for the low number of children so far diagnosed with the disease. ( relative to the proportion that get the Flu).
   No children died from SARS and few from MERS !
  Older mice’s fatalities were strongly related to immune systems overreacting to the SARS.
  That’s similar to how humans die of infections from the COVID-19. The aggressive response from their immune system is damaging them, even more than the infection itself !
  In China when testing people who come in contact with a confirmed case — children seemed to be getting infected at the same rate as adults.
  source Economist and Washington Post
  See Mysteriously sparing kids and killing the elderly
• There  may be NO long-lasting immunity. We could be in for “Cold, Flu & Covid Seasons”.
• New York still doesn’t trust the accuracy of the CDC's test for COVID-19 ! (Mar 2020)

Mutations & Immunity

But The strains of the virus infecting people in the U.S. have only about 6 to 10 slightly different genetic variations between the strain that emerged in Wuhan, China.
"That's a relatively small number of mutations for having passed through a large number of people," , "As of Mar 25th the mutation rate of the virus would suggest that the vaccine developed for it would be a single vaccine, rather than a new vaccine every year like the flu vaccine." source     

 "Barcode" Genetic Evolution The two parts of the virus that seem not to be mutating are the ones responsible for its entry into healthy cells and packaging its RNA,". "Both of these are important targets for understanding the body's immune response, identifying antiviral therapeutics and designing vaccines."

NYT April 30th How the virus Mutates and Spreads
In the future, the virus may pick up some mutations that help it evade our immune systems. But the slow mutation rate of the coronavirus means that these changes will emerge over the course of years.
That bodes well for vaccines currently in development for Covid-19.
 If people get vaccinated in 2021 against the new coronavirus, they may well enjoy a protection that lasts for years.

One study conducted by Taiwanese researchers found that survivors of the SARS had antibodies that lasted for up to three years—suggesting immunity. Survivors of MERS were found to last just around a year.
The degree of immunity could also differ from person to person depending on the strength of the patient’s antibody response.
Younger, healthier people will likely generate a more robust antibody response, giving them more protection against the virus in future.

Symptoms

Symptoms for the COVID-19 ( 80% mild or no-symptoms):

• Fever (83-98%)
• Cough (46-82%, usually dry)
• Shortness of breath at onset (31%)
• Myalgia or fatigue (11-44%)

But symptoms can get worse over several days, rather than quickly like the flu.

The incubation period is 6.4 days after exposure. (only 2.5% will NOT show symptoms after 11.5 days) 
W.H.O says: Can be transmitted in areas with hot and humid weather

Flu Symptoms: fever* or feeling feverish/chills, cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, muscle or body aches, headaches, fatigue, some people may have vomiting and diarrhea, though this is more common in children than adults. 
*not everyone will have a fever.

Contagion

Detailed examples of Infection thru the air

Contagious for 14 days after showing symptoms? STUDY: The time from infection to onset of symptoms (incubation period) was five days among all but one patient. The average duration of symptoms was eight days, while the length of time patients remained contagious after the end of their symptoms ranged from one to eight days.

STUDY Mar 20:-  asymptomatic or mild cases combined represent about 40–50% of all infections. “can be highly contagious when they have mild or no symptoms”, 

STUDY Mar 16:- 86% of infections had unobserved symptoms. And per person, these infections were 55% as contagious as observed symptoms infections.
Due to their greater numbers, unobserved symptoms infections were the infection source for 79% of observed symptoms cases.

Undiagnosed COVID-19 — appear to fuel the rapid spread of the disease

Mar 8th:- A new study at medRxiv.org of nine people who contracted the virus in Germany suggests that people are mainly contagious before they have symptoms and in the first week of the disease.
Infectious viruses were isolated from nose and throat swabs and  phlegm samples during that first week.
Patients produced thousands to millions of viruses in their noses and throats, about 1,000 times as much virus as produced in SARS patients which explain why COVID-19 is so infectious.
When you are mildly ill or just getting sick, you’re putting out a whole lot of virus.
After about 10 days or so, you’re not likely to be infecting other people.

even though children typically only exhibit mild symptoms if infected, they can shed the coronavirus long after symptoms disappear.

COVID-19 will infect 2.5 people on average compared with 1.5 for the Flu.   ----  three times as infectious as flu

What are possible complications from COVID-19?

The most serious complication of COVID-19 is a type of pneumonia that’s been called 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia (NCIP).
Results from a 2020 studyTrusted Source of 138 people admitted into hospitals in Wuhan, China with NCIP found that 26% of those admitted had severe cases and needed to be treated in the intensive care unit (ICU).
About 4.3% of these people who were admitted to the ICU died from this type of pneumonia.
So far, NCIP is the only complication specifically linked to the 2019 coronavirus.
W.H.O says - Even if you've been PCV13 Pneumonia vaccinated it will make no difference. 

Other complications (source):

• acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
• irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia)
• cardiovascular shock
• severe muscle pain (myalgia)
• fatigue
• heart damage or heart attack

Feb 11th: China CDC’s analysis of 44,672 patients (more than 36,000 — or 81 percent — were mild) found that this was the fatality rate in patients who reported:-

•   0.9% - no other health conditions
• 10.5% - cardiovascular disease 
•   7.3% - diabetes 
•   6.3%  - chronic respiratory diseases such as COPD
•   6.0%  - hypertension
•   5.6%  - cancer
•   2.6%  - missing?

 Some of the most serious symptoms of Covid-19 result from an immune system on the rampage.
Chinese scientists found: An extreme immune response called cytokine storm, a flood of immune cells and the biochemicals they produce, tears through lung tissue.
(Possible Treatment: anakinra, a cytokine-targeting therapy)
see How COVID-19 can kill
see TABLE 1
source StatNews
source ChinaCDC:

A couple of deadly Human Coronaviruses:-

1. SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome.)
   Nov 2002 Guangdong province in southern China.
   8,098 people were infected, and 774 died. It spread to 24 countries.
   Death Rate: 9.5%
   Declared Under Control and stamped out, in 6 months,(July 2003) by
   • International Cooperation and
   • strict, Public Health measures like
     • Isolation,
     • Quarantine and
     • Contact Tracing.

   Came from civets(a member of Mongoose family) infected by bats
   But the COVID-19 has much milder symptoms in most cases, making it harder to catch and isolate.
    

2. MERS, (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome),
   first reported in Saudi Arabia in 2012.
   2,494 cases, with 858 deaths, in 27 countries.
   Death Rate:34%
   Came from camels infected by bats

Other Viruses

Flu:- In the US in 2016-2017:- 29 million illnesses, 500,000 hospitalizations and 38,000 deaths. A Death Rate of 0.1% but over  65 it's 0.83%

H5N1 is a variant of influenza, previously only infected birds.

• It was discovered in August, 2003. The Chinese government swiftly killed 1.5 million chickens .
• Further cases were closely monitored and isolated. By the end of the year there were 18 known cases in humans. Six people died.
• This was seen as a successful Global Response, and the virus was not seen again for years.
• Containment was possible because people who got it became extremely ill.
• Fatality Rate of 60%. Yet since 2003, the virus has killed only 455 people.

Ebola, has surged in Africa and has a much higher fatality rate than COVID-19.

News  ( see also Drug Trials)

WHO Situation Reports --- Deaths per 100k per State     -----    Drug Trials LOCAL       Deaths by Age of those Hospitalised         CDC Modeling

News

April 28th How we must do CONTACT TRACING

April 23 Economist: Many more Testing Labs required -- need to spend $15 billion per month till end of the year and beyond - versus -- cost of the Pandemic Lockdown of $400 billion per month.

April 22: A mysterious blood-clotting complication is killing COVID-19 patients

April 22: Thanks to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s recently relaxed rules for coronavirus tests. "Some tests are a disaster" !

April 15th COVID-19 kills by inflaming and clogging the tiny air sacs in the lungs, choking off the body’s oxygen supply until it shuts down the organs essential for life.
But clinicians around the world are seeing evidence that suggests the virus also may be causing heart inflammation, acute kidney disease, neurological malfunction, blood clots, intestinal damage and liver problems. The prevalence of these effects is too great to attribute them solely to the “cytokine storm”. This is more like MERS than SARS !

April 14th French study finds Hydroxychloroquine doesn’t help patients with COVID-19.
84 patients who took it versus 97 who didn't.
April 7th Coronavirus patients can benefit from blood of the recovered, new study shows   
April 6th  EIDD-1931A new antiviral drug heading into clinical trials offers hope for COVID-19 treatment
April 6th: Vitamin D could help fight off COVID-19. (A person who rarely gets out in the sun may need vitamin D3. Our bodies make vitamin D from sunlight).

April 6th study found cardiac damage in as many as 1 in 5 patients, leading to heart failure and death even among those who show no signs of respiratory distress.  
Infection can mimic a heart attack. They have taken patients to the cardiac catheterization lab to clear a suspected blockage, only to find the patient wasn’t really experiencing a heart attack but had COVID-19.  Original Study

April 6th Bronx Zoo tiger tests positive for COVID-19 Did you give it to your pet?

April 4th STUDY:- New study identifies characteristics of patients with fatal COVID-19
..... "The greatest number of deaths were in males median age 65.8. - 72.9 percent were men with conditions including hypertension, coronary heart disease and diabetes."
80 0 percent of patients had very low counts of eosinophils (cells that are reduced in severe respiratory infections) on admission. Complications included respiratory failure, shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and cardiac arrhythmia, among others.
while respiratory symptoms may not develop until a week after presentation, once they do there can be a rapid decline, as indicated by the Short duration between time of admission and death (6.35 days) .
eosinophilopenia — (abnormally low levels of eosinophils in the blood) — may indicate a poor prognosis
A combination of antimicrobial drugs (antivirals, antibiotics) did not significantly help these patients. The majority of patients studied died from multiple organ failure.

March 30th Oxygen instead of Ventilator ?

March 30 STUDY:- One in five COVID-19 patients often infected with other respiratory viruses, preliminary study reports.   One in 10 hospital admissions who are diagnosed with a common respiratory virus, are co-infected with the COVID-19 virus.
If there is a diagnosis of influenza or rhinovirus, or other respiratory virus, a hospital may erroneously discharge the patient without COVID testing."

STUDY March 27th: How to Increase Capacity?

• setting up additional beds by
  • repurposing unused operating rooms,
  • pre- and postrecovery rooms,
  • procedural areas,
  • medical and nursing staff quarters, and
  • hallways.
• For example, in UW Medicine, the use of such strategies has enabled planning to increase bed capacity temporarily by 65%.
• Currently, one of the largest constraints on effective care may be the lack of ventilators.
  One supplement to ventilator capacity is using anesthesia machines freed up by deferring or cancelling elective surgeries.
• The use of mobile military resources including the National Guard has the potential to address some capacity limitations, particularly given the differently timed epidemics across states.
• Other innovative strategies will need to be found, including the construction of temporary hospital facilities as was done in Wuhan, Washington state, New York.

Mar 27th Studies indicate that the official lab counts may be missing as many as 9 in 10 deaths.

Mar 19th  half of the 300 to 400 COVID-19 patients treated in ICU in Paris were younger than 65, and, half in the Netherlands were younger than 50.
Original report CDC - Among 121 US patients known to have been admitted to an ICU, of adult cases reported:
 7%   age ≥85,
46% aged 65–84,
36% aged 45–64,
12% aged 20–44
So finding and forced Isolation of the under 65's who have hypertension and diabetes ( as well as everyone over 64) is what is needed with Trump's "Tweepothesis". ( include Cardiovascular disease, Chronic respiratory disease and cancer)

Mar 17th:- New York Gov. just announced that he'd been advised that the Peak will be in 45 days ( May 11th) that would make the end (another 45 days) at June 25th -- a total of about 13 weeks ( This conforms to the 12-14 weeks spike of the1918 Flu Pandemic ( see below)
(Contrary to some “Experts“ that think it may spike no longer than 8 weeks. Where a hot May-June slows the virus compared with the 1918 Flu that peaked in Oct-Nov-Dec )   

Mar 17th:- US Deaths=100 means 4,500 infected ( at 2.3%) The only useful numbers are deaths from which you can extrapolate Infections using 2.3%  or 3.4% - If it's an Italy-like scenario so many of the deaths are caused by lack of hospital capacity - so stick to 2.3%.

Italy’s coronavirus crisis could be America’s

Aggressive and sustained testing gave South Korea 1/7 the Death Rate of Italy ! This includes enforcing a law that grants the S. Korea government wide authority to access data: CCTV footage, GPS tracking data from phones and cars, credit card transactions, immigration entry information, and other personal details of people confirmed to have an infectious disease.
The authorities can then make some of this public, so anyone who may have been exposed can get themselves - or their friends and family members - tested.
..... placed in self-quarantine and monitored remotely through a smartphone app, or checked regularly in telephone calls, until a hospital bed becomes available...
South Korea’s government also uses location data to customize mass messages sent to cellphones, notifying every resident when and where a nearby case is confirmed.
South Korea changed the law to allow the state to gain access to medical records and share them without a warrant. In normal times many democracies might find that too intrusive. Times are not normal.
 South Korea did well over a quarter of a million tests. By the time South Korea had done 200,000 tests, we had probably done less than 1,000.


South Korea Testing "phone booths"  video
"One person at a time can enter one side of this glass-walled booth, they grab a handset, and they are connected with a hospital worker standing on the other side of the glass," .
Using a pair of rubber gloves set into the wall, the health care worker can swab the patient without potentially exposing themselves to the virus.
"The hospital is able to tell the patient their results within seven minutes. 
They don't have direct contact with a health care worker."

Mar 8th: Italy: The death count tripled from 133 to 366 (from 2.3% to 5%), and infections rose by a single-day record of 1,492 to hit 7,375
 

Taiwan reins in spread of coronavirus (March) closing its borders in late January to most travellers from China, as well as imposing heavy fines on anyone found violating self-quarantine orders, and shuttering schools and universities.

Disinfectants

Use Disinfectants with 62-71% ethanol, 0.5% hydrogen peroxide or 0.1% sodium hypochlorite(bleach) .
Other biocidal agents such as 0.05-0.2% benzalkonium chloride or 0.02% chlorhexidine digluconate are less effective.

Homemade virus killer. Add  ¼ cup Concentrated Regular Bleach to ½ gallon water, ( 1 part to 10); apply bleach solution to surface,  ; let stand 5 minutes. Rinse and air dry.

Hand Sanitizer Guide to Local Production Ethanol 96% or Isopropyl alcohol 99.8%, Hydrogen peroxide 3%, Glycerol 98%

Drugs

There's a possibility of drug shortages from disruptions to the pharmaceutical supply chain in China.
“We’re very concerned about the intermingling of our supply chain with China in particular,”
“There are 20 drugs with ingredients made exclusively in China"

Gilead: Study to Evaluate the Safety and Antiviral Activity of Remdesivir (GS-5734™) in Participants With Severe Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) 
“The mistake generally made these days is to think that [just] any antiviral would be effective against [the coronavirus]. This is, of course, not true,”.............  ..........several papers showing that remdesivir is effective against SARS, MERS and related bat coronaviruses, as well as some of the common cold coronaviruses. ScientificAmerican   ( Fast Track for "compassionate use")

 Favipiravir (Brand Avigan)

Virus Manufacturers       .... more on Vaccine & Drug Companies       Clinical Trials

PROBABLY JUST TRUMP HYPE New insights on the antiviral effects of Chloroquine against coronavirus: what to expect for COVID-19? Brand name Plaquenil ( in Pharmacies now. Your doctor can prescribe )     NIH Trials on Hydroxychloroquine    Drug Trials LOCAL

Convalescent Plasma as a potential therapy for COVID-19

Several marketed drugs with excellent safety profiles such as metformin, glitazones, fibrates, sartans, and atorvastin, as well as nutrient supplements and biologics could reduce immunopathology, boost immune responses, and prevent or curb Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) The Lancet

STUDY: An antibody that had been taken from a SARS patient years ago and noticed that it latched onto a specific place in that virus. The team then discovered that the same SARS antibody latched onto virtually the same spot on the novel coronavirus. The antibody did not grip it quite as hard, but it helped identify the spot as a possible weak point in the makeup of the virus.

How long is COVID-19, SARS , MERS & Flu Infectious on Surfaces?

MIT researcher says droplets carrying coronavirus can travel up to 24 feet (8 meters) 

“Respiratory droplets will undergo gravitational settling faster than they evaporate, contaminating surfaces and leading to contact transmission.
 Smaller aerosols (=5 µm) will evaporate faster than they can settle, are buoyant, and thus can be affected by air currents, which can transport them over longer distances.”

Those aerosols, they say, can accumulate, remain infectious in indoor air for hours, and be easily inhaled deep into the lungs, allowing transmission regardless of physical distancing. They even point to a study in hospitals in Wuhan, China, which found the COVID-19 virus in aerosols more than two metres from patients.

COVID-19 STUDY Mar 11th:  (awaiting peer revue)  

• in the air for up to 3 hours.
• on copper for up to 4 hours,
• on cardboard up to 24 hours
• on plastic and stainless steel up to 2 to 3 days

22 studies including SARS and MERS concluded that the respiratory viruses can remain infectious on surfaces for up to 9 days at room temperature.
Dissipate faster at higher temperatures. Survive the longest in low-temperatures.
"There's probably a very low risk of it spreading from products or packaging that are shipped over a period of days at ambient temperatures", said Dr. Timothy Brewer, professor of epidemiology and medicine at the UCLA. Source Reuters

It's normally spread thru coughing or sneezing.
                                                                
STUDY:-Patients with the COVID-19 extensively contaminate their bedrooms and bathrooms, underscoring the need to routinely clean high-touch surfaces, basins and toilet bowls.
It's killed by twice-a-day cleaning of surfaces and daily cleaning of floors with a commonly used disinfectant.

The Flu virus can survive on hard surfaces for 24 hours .
As droplets in the air for several hours; low temperatures increase their survival in the air.

Myths

• W.H.O. Myth Busters page
• Sun exposure does not kill the coronavirus
• Scientists do not know how temperature changes will influence the behavior of SARS-CoV-2
• No 17 "sipping water every 15 minutes" is also a myth.
• "holding your breath for more than 10 seconds and not coughing" is not true," Richard Watanabe, professor of preventive medicine, USC

Although the virus is indeed smaller than the N95 Mask filter size, but the virus always travels attached to larger water particles that are consistently snared by the filter. And erratic motion of particles and the electrostatic attraction generated by the mask means they would be consistently caught as well.

 As of March 10, California can test 7,400 people a day, Washington can test 1,000 and Oregon can test only 40 and the U.S. had tested a couple thousand people.
Compared with South Korea, that is testing 20,000 people a day !
Aggressive and sustained testing gave South Korea 1/7 the Death Rate of Italy !

COVID-19 is more genetically related to SARS than MERS but both are betacoronaviruses ( not "Common") with their origins in bats.

Flu: Caused by any of several different types and strains of influenza viruses.

To learn from? - The 2009 (H1N1)pdm09, (Swine Flu), Pandemic: A New Flu Virus Emerges  Death Rate of 1.28%

Common Human Coronaviruses

1. 229E (alpha coronavirus) causes common cold but also severe lower respiratory tract infections in the youngest and oldest age groups

2. NL63 (alpha coronavirus) causes of (pseudo) croup and bronchiolitis in children.

3. OC43 (beta coronavirus) causes common cold but also severe lower respiratory tract infections in the youngest and oldest age groups. Short-term immunity just 40 weeks.

4. HKU1 (beta coronavirus)  causes common cold but also severe lower respiratory tract infections in the youngest and oldest age groups (can also cause gastrointestinal infection). Short-term immunity just 40 weeks.

Other Human Coronaviruses

1. MERS-CoV (the beta coronavirus that causes Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, or MERS)

2. SARS-CoV (the beta coronavirus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome, or SARS)

3. SARS-CoV-2 (the novel coronavirus that causes coronavirus disease 2019, or COVID-19)

Two of the four Common Coronaviruses ( Source: )

COVID-19, is not the same as  229E or OC43 , 2 of the 3 Common Coronaviruses, that cause the Common Cold.
 [the most common cause of the Cold  is from many different strains ( 800+ mutations) of the Rhinovirus, responsible for over 50% of colds and half of all asthma attacks, and is a factor in bronchitis, sinusitis, middle ear infections and pneumonia.]      
 Other viruses that can cause colds include

• respiratory syncytial virus, 

• human parainfluenza viruses, 

• adenovirus, 

• human metapneumovirus.              

 229E and OC43 cause 5 to 30% of “Common Colds” and remain localized to the epithelium of the upper respiratory tract and elicit a poor immune response, hence the high rate of reinfection.
There is no Cross-Immunity between human coronavirus-229E and human coronavirus-OC43, ( tho there is between the 2 BETA Common Coronaviruses) and it is likely that new strains are continually arising by mutation selection.

The Common Cold from 3 of the 4  Common Coronaviruses lasts 7 days, with typical symptoms of a sore throat, rhinorrhea, fever, cough, and headache, indistinguishable from the common colds caused by rhinoviruses.
Asymptomatic, (fails to show symptoms), infections are frequent .

Occasionally they cause lower respiratory tract infections and otitis media (middle ear).
There is no evidence of either of these viruses causing enteric disease (intestinal)  in humans, despite the finding of coronavirus-like particles in the stools of such patients.

There is a possibility of Cross-Immunity between COVID-19 and the 2 Beta Coronaviruses OC43 or HKU1, possibly explaining why fewer children suffer from it.

COVID & NL63 utilize the same cell receptor, namely ACE2
 229E uses a different receptor APN

An antibody from a patient who recovered from SARS has been shown to block COVID-19 infection in a laboratory setting, 

August 4th 2020: "We have now proven that, in some people, pre-existing T cell memory against common cold coronaviruses can cross-recognize SARS-CoV-2, down to the exact molecular structures," "This could help explain why some people show milder symptoms of disease while others get severely sick."
I have to assume its the BETA's OC43 and HKU1

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Last modified: Thursday February 22, 2024.